Why are Greek letters used in science and math?

Greek letters provide extra symbols beyond the Latin alphabet for variables and constants — for example pi (π) for the circle ratio, sigma (Σ) for summation, and omega (ω) for angular frequency.

Greek Letters Copy and Paste — Complete List (Α

Q: How do I copy and paste Greek letters?

Select the Greek letter you need from the list, copy it, and paste it into your document. On an online Greek keyboard you simply click the letter and it is copied to your clipboard automatically.

Q: How many letters are in the Greek alphabet?

The Greek alphabet has 24 letters, each with an uppercase and a lowercase form, from Alpha (Α/α) to Omega (Ω/ω).

Need a Greek letter fast? Below is the complete Greek alphabet — all 24 letters in uppercase and lowercase — ready to copy and paste, along with each letter's name and what it commonly represents in science and mathematics. To grab several at once, use our online Greek and scientific keyboard: just click a letter to copy it.

The complete Greek alphabet

Α α — Alpha — angles, coefficients
Β β — Beta — angles, beta particles
Γ γ — Gamma — gamma rays, Lorentz factor
Δ δ — Delta — change, difference (Δx)
Ε ε — Epsilon — small quantity, permittivity
Ζ ζ — Zeta — the Riemann zeta function
Η η — Eta — efficiency, viscosity
Θ θ — Theta — angles
Ι ι — Iota — a very small amount
Κ κ — Kappa — curvature, constants
Λ λ — Lambda — wavelength, eigenvalues
Μ μ — Mu — micro (10⁻⁶), coefficient of friction
Ν ν — Nu — frequency
Ξ ξ — Xi — random variables
Ο ο — Omicron — (rarely used)
Π π — Pi — 3.14159…, product (∏)
Ρ ρ — Rho — density, resistivity
Σ σ — Sigma — summation (Σ), standard deviation (σ)
Τ τ — Tau — torque, time constant
Υ υ — Upsilon — the upsilon particle
Φ φ — Phi — golden ratio, magnetic flux
Χ χ — Chi — chi-squared (χ²)
Ψ ψ — Psi — wavefunction in quantum physics
Ω ω — Omega — ohms (Ω), angular frequency (ω)

How to copy and paste Greek letters

You can highlight any letter above and copy it, but the fastest method for multiple letters is a dedicated keyboard. On our Scientific Keyboard, clicking a letter copies it instantly, and you can build whole strings before pasting into Word, Google Docs, LaTeX, email or a chat app. Prefer keyboard shortcuts by device? See our guide on how to type Greek letters on any device.

The most useful Greek letters in science

A handful of these letters do a lot of heavy lifting:

π (Pi) — the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and the product operator ∏.
Σ / σ (Sigma) — capital sigma is summation; lowercase sigma is standard deviation in statistics.
Δ (Delta) — change or difference, as in Δt (change in time).
λ (Lambda) — wavelength in physics and eigenvalues in linear algebra.
μ (Mu) — the micro prefix (µm) and the coefficient of friction.
ω / Ω (Omega) — angular frequency and the ohm, the unit of electrical resistance.

Tip for equations: Case matters in science. Σ (sum) and σ (standard deviation) mean different things, so copy the exact case you need — our keyboard offers both.

Frequently asked questions

How do I copy and paste Greek letters?

Pick the letter from the list, copy it, and paste it into your document — or click it on an online Greek keyboard to copy it automatically.

How many letters are in the Greek alphabet?

Twenty-four, each with an uppercase and lowercase form, from Alpha (Α/α) to Omega (Ω/ω).

Do these work in Word and LaTeX?

Yes — they are standard Unicode characters and paste correctly into Word, Google Docs and LaTeX.

Greek Letters Copy and Paste (Α–Ω)